When Good Oils Go Bad Part 4
By Steven Lumley, technical manager, WearCheck
The fourth article in WearCheck’s “When Good Oils Go Bad” series takes an in-depth look at thermal breakdown.
Stress – it’s something with which we’re all intimately familiar. It might be the printer jamming five minutes before a deadline, the driver who cuts you off in traffic or running late for an important meeting. In each case, the result is the same: pressure builds, tolerance is tested, and eventually something gives.
Lubricants are no different.
They are designed to operate under demanding conditions, but in the world of machinery, stress comes in many forms – from load and contamination to operating conditions, and few are as relentless or unforgiving as heat. And just like us, every lubricant has a limit. Push it far enough and it simply can’t cope.
That breaking point is known as thermal breakdown.
Unlike oxidation, which slowly ages the oil over time, thermal breakdown occurs when temperatures rise beyond what the lubricant can chemically withstand. It’s not a gradual decline; it’s the point where the oil stops performing and starts failing.
Because when oil can’t take the heat, it doesn’t just struggle – it breaks.
What Is Thermal Breakdown?
At its core, thermal breakdown is the decomposition of lubricant molecules due to excessive heat.
As temperatures increase, they eventually exceed the strength of the chemical bonds holding the hydrocarbon molecules together. Once this threshold – known as the thermal stability limit – is crossed, those bonds begin to rupture. This process is commonly referred to as thermal cracking.
Typically, this becomes significant at temperatures above approx. 200°C, where the lubricant is no longer stable and begins to degrade rapidly. At these conditions, the oil is no longer just “aging” – it is chemically breaking down at a molecular level.
What Happens Inside the Oil?
When thermal cracking occurs, the lubricant does not degrade through a single mechanism. Instead, two competing processes take place:
Molecular Cleavage and Volatilisation
Large hydrocarbon molecules break into smaller, lower-molecular-weight molecules during thermal cracking. While many of these remain relatively light, some can recombine into heavier, unstable structures that contribute to deposit formation.
At the same time, some of these smaller molecules are light enough to evaporate and leave the system entirely, meaning that no deposits are formed from this portion of the process. As a result, oil volume may decrease and volatility increases, effectively causing the oil to “boil off” its lighter components.
Condensation and Carbon Formation
The remaining molecules behave very differently. In the absence of oxygen, they can recombine and condense, undergoing structural rearrangement and forming increasingly complex carbon structures.
Over time, this leads to the formation of lacquers, carbonaceous residues, and ultimately coke – the final and most severe form of deposit. These deposits are hard, brittle and bond strongly to surfaces, in contrast to the softer sludge and thin varnish films typically associated with oxidation.
The Signature Effect: Viscosity Loss
One of the most important indicators of thermal breakdown is its effect on viscosity. As large hydrocarbon molecules crack into smaller, lighter molecules, the oil becomes progressively thinner. This reduction in molecular size directly translates into a decrease in viscosity.
This difference is critical in oil analysis and often provides the first clue as to which degradation mechanism is dominant.
At the same, time the additive system is also under stress. Antioxidants, dispersants and anti-wear additives all have thermal limits, and at elevated temperatures, they can degrade or become inactive, further accelerating lubricant failure.
Where and Why It Happens
Thermal breakdown is rarely a system-wide phenomenon, instead, it tends to occur in localised hot spots where temperatures spike well above the bulk oil temperature.
- Typical locations include:
- Heavily loaded bearings
- Gear-tooth contact zones
- Piston-ring zones
- Compressor-discharge areas
These are areas where:
- Heat generation is high
- Oil flow is limited
- Heat removal is limited
Even when bulk oil temperatures appear acceptable, these localised zones can exceed 200°C, triggering thermal cracking.
Temperature: The Breaking Point
Temperature is the dominant driver of thermal degradation. While increasing temperature accelerates all degradation processes – such as oxidation, thermal breakdown occurs when the lubricant is pushed beyond its thermal-stability limit.
A useful rule of thumb is that for every 10°C increase above around 75°C, the life of the oil is effectively halved. By the time temperatures approach 200°C, this reduction becomes extreme, and the lubricant’s life is reduced to a fraction of its intended service life. At these extremes, degradation is no longer a slow chemical process, it is a rapid failure mechanism.
Thermal Breakdown vs Oxidation
Thermal breakdown and oxidation are often confused and, while they can occur simultaneously, they are fundamentally different processes.
While oxidation is a progressive ageing process, thermal breakdown is more closely associated with rapid lubricant failure. Importantly, the two can interact. At elevated temperatures, thermal cracking produces unstable, highly reactive molecules that accelerate oxidation, compounding the degradation process.
The key differences between thermal breakdown and oxidation are summarised in the table below:
Consequences for Machinery
Thermal breakdown has immediate – and often severe – consequences. As the oil loses viscosity, the lubricating film becomes thinner, increasing the likelihood of metal-to-metal contact and accelerating wear rates.
At the same time, carbonaceous deposits begin to form and adhere to surfaces, restricting oil flow, impairing heat transfer, and promoting the development of further hot spots.
In extreme cases, this can lead to a feedback loop where heat drives degradation, degradation forms deposits and those deposits generate even more heat, ultimately resulting in rapid component failure.
Detecting Thermal breakdown Through Oil Analysis
Thermal degradation is not always obvious in its early stages, but there are several indicators that can point to its presence. One of the earliest and most visible signs is a change in oil colour. As thermal breakdown progresses, the oil typically darkens due to the formation of carbonaceous and insoluble degradation products. In more severe cases, the oil may appear dark brown or even black, indicating significant thermal stress. The key tests used to assess thermal breakdown are summarised below:
Unlike oxidation, acid number may show little or no change in the early stages, making it a less reliable standalone indicator of thermal breakdown. As a result, thermal degradation is best identified through a combination of visual inspection and supporting analytical trends, rather than a single definitive test.
The Reality of Thermal Breakdown
Thermal breakdown is not an inevitable ageing process; it is typically a sign that something has gone wrong. It reflects underlying issues such as excessive heat, poor cooling, overloading or design limitations that lead to the formation of localised hot spots. While filtration may remove some of the resulting deposits, it does not address the root cause. If the temperature problem persists, the oil will continue to degrade.
Final Thought
If oxidation is the slow ageing of oil, then thermal breakdown is its sudden collapse.
Understanding the difference is critical. Because, while you can manage oxidation, thermal breakdown demands intervention. Left unchecked, it doesn’t just degrade the oil – it removes its ability to function altogether. And when that happens, failure isn’t far behind.
Look out for part 5 of this series, where we explore microdieseling – the explosions you never hear, but your oil certainly does!
Please visit www.wearcheck.co.za or contact WearCheck on marketing@wearcheck.co.za or +27 (31) 700-5460.